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Once all available spectrum bands are characterized, appropriate operating spectrum band should be selected for the current transmission considering the QoS requirements and the spectrum characteristics. Thus, the spectrum management function must be aware of user QoS requirements. Based on the user requirements, the data rate, acceptable error rate, delay bound, the transmission mode, and the bandwidth of the transmission can be determined. Then, according to the decision rule, the set of appropriate spectrum bands can be chosen. In [43], five spectrum decision rules are presented, which are focused on fairness and communication cost. However, this method assumes that all channels have similar throughput capacity. In [44], an opportunistic frequency channel skipping protocol is proposed for the search of better quality channel, where this channel decision is based on SNR. In order to consider the primary user activity, the number of spectrum handoff, which happens in a certain spectrum band, is used for spectrum decision [45].